What is Thyroglossal Duct Cyst?
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a congenital neck mass that forms due to incomplete closure of the thyroglossal duct during fetal development. The thyroglossal duct is an embryological remnant that connects the developing thyroid gland to the tongue base. If this duct fails to disappear completely, a cyst can form anywhere along its path, most commonly in the midline of the neck, just below the hyoid bone.
Thyroglossal duct cyst excision is a safe and effective procedure that removes the cyst and its tract to prevent future complications. If you notice a persistent midline neck swelling, consult an ENT specialist or surgeon for early evaluation and treatment.
Symptoms of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
- A painless, round, smooth swelling in the midline of the neck
- Cyst moves upward when swallowing or sticking out the tongue
- Swelling may become tender or painful if infected
- Redness and drainage if cyst ruptures
- Difficulty swallowing or breathing (rare, if cyst is large)
Procedure or Treatment – Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision (Sistrunk Procedur)
The definitive treatment is surgical removal, known as the Sistrunk procedure. This involves:
Preoperative Evaluation: Clinical examination, ultrasound, and sometimes CT scan to assess cyst size and location.
Anaesthesia: General anaesthesia is administered.
Incision and Excision: A small incision is made in the neck over the cyst. The cyst, along with the entire thyroglossal duct tract and part of the hyoid bone, is removed to prevent recurrence.
Closure: The surgical site is closed in layers with absorbable sutures.
Recovery: Patients are usually discharged the same day or after overnight observation. Recovery is quick with minimal pain.
Prevention
As thyroglossal duct cysts are congenital, prevention is not possible. Early detection and prompt surgical excision help avoid complications such as infection or recurrence.
Benefits of Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision
- Permanent removal of the cyst with minimal chance of recurrence
- Prevention of infections and abscess formation
- Avoidance of airway obstruction or swallowing difficulties
- Improved neck aesthetics by removal of visible swelling
- Quick recovery and minimal postoperative discomfort
Types of Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Thyroglossal duct cysts are generally classified based on their location:
- Infrahyoid Cyst: Located below the hyoid bone (most common type)
- Suprahyoid Cyst: Located above the hyoid bone near the tongue base
- Juxtahyoid Cyst: Located adjacent to the hyoid bone
- Lingual Cyst: Located at the tongue base (rare)